Which of the following activities would NOT be considered primary research?

Primary research refers to the collection of original data directly from sources, specifically tailored to address unique research questions or problems. Among the activities listed, surveys, observations, and ethnographic research are all methods that involve gathering new data directly from individuals or environments, making them valid forms of primary research.

Data mining from past studies, however, is fundamentally different. It involves analyzing existing data that has already been collected, processed, and published. This method leverages available resources rather than seeking new information independently. Consequently, while data mining can provide valuable insights and support conclusions in research, it does not involve the firsthand collection of data required for primary research. Thus, it is classified as secondary research, contrasting with the other methodologies that constitute primary research.